Which protocols operate on the Application layer of the TCP/IP model?

Which protocols operate on the Application layer of the TCP/IP model?

• A. TCP, UDP
• B. HTTP, TLS, DNS
• C. Ethernet, WLAN
• D. IPv4, IPv6

Answer: (B)

The Application layer handles protocols used directly by software applications to communicate over the network. HTTP is the protocol that governs web traffic between clients and servers. DNS translates domain names into IP addresses so applications can locate services. TLS provides encryption and authentication for the data exchanged by applications, and is commonly used to secure the traffic of application-layer protocols (for example, HTTP over TLS is HTTPS). So HTTP, TLS, and DNS all function at the Application layer. Protocols like TCP and UDP belong to the Transport layer, Ethernet and WLAN to the Link layer, and IPv4/IPv6 to the Internet layer, which is why they don’t fit theApplication layer category.

The Application layer handles protocols used directly by software applications to communicate over the network. HTTP is the protocol that governs web traffic between clients and servers. DNS translates domain names into IP addresses so applications can locate services. TLS provides encryption and authentication for the data exchanged by applications, and is commonly used to secure the traffic of application-layer protocols (for example, HTTP over TLS is HTTPS). So HTTP, TLS, and DNS all function at the Application layer.

Protocols like TCP and UDP belong to the Transport layer, Ethernet and WLAN to the Link layer, and IPv4/IPv6 to the Internet layer, which is why they don’t fit theApplication layer category.